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Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA) 1936: Primary U.S. federal law governing the rights and responsibilities between shippers and ocean carriers in the international transportation of goods. Applies to all bills of lading for shipments to/from U.S. ports in foreign trade.

Federal Bills of Lading Act (Pomerene Act) 1916: Regulates bills of lading in interstate and foreign commerce, establishing rules for negotiable bills of lading and liability for misrepresentation.

Harter Act 1893: Governs the carriage of goods by sea for domestic shipments and in periods before loading and after discharge where COGSA doesn't apply. Sets minimum standards for carrier liability.

Shipping Act 1984: Regulates ocean shipping and requires carriers to file tariffs with the Federal Maritime Commission. Modified by Ocean Shipping Reform Act 1998 to allow confidential service contracts.

Interstate Commerce Act: Federal law regulating transport between states, including requirements for bills of lading in interstate commerce.

Hague Rules: International convention establishing uniform rules for bills of lading in international trade. Forms the basis for COGSA in the United States.

Hague-Visby Rules: Updated version of Hague Rules. While not ratified by US, relevant for international shipments and commonly incorporated into bills of lading.

Hamburg Rules: Modern international convention on carriage of goods by sea. Though not ratified by US, may be relevant for shipments involving signatory countries.

Federal Maritime Commission Regulations: Administrative rules governing ocean transportation, including requirements for bill of lading terms and conditions.

US Customs and Border Protection Requirements: Customs documentation requirements that must be reflected in or accompanied by bills of lading for international shipments.

Department of Transportation Regulations: Federal regulations governing transportation safety and documentation requirements across all modes of transport.

UCC Article 7: Uniform Commercial Code Article 7 on Documents of Title, providing state-level regulation of bills of lading and warehouse receipts.

BIMCO Standard Terms: Industry-standard clauses and terms developed by the Baltic and International Maritime Council, widely used in maritime documentation.

ICC Guidelines: International Chamber of Commerce guidelines providing standardized practices for international trade documentation including bills of lading.